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Alex McClelland, 裸聊直播

Rearing on its hind legs, the giant ground sloth would have been a formidable prey for anyone, let alone humans without modern weapons. Tightly muscled, angry and swinging its fore legs tipped with wolverine-like claws, it would have been able to defend itself effectively. Our ancestors used misdirection to gain the upper hand in close-quarter combat with this deadly creature.

What is perhaps even more remarkable is that we can read this story from the 10,000-year-old footprints that these combatants left behind, as revealed by our new research published in聽. Numerous large animals such as the giant ground sloth 鈥� so-called megafauna 鈥� became extinct at the end of the Ice Age. We don鈥檛 know if hunting was the cause but the new footprint evidence tells us how human hunters tackled such fearsome animals and clearly shows that they did.

White Sands National Monument. Matthew Bennett, 裸聊直播, Author provided

These footprints were found at聽聽in New Mexico, US, on part of the monument that used by the military. The聽, located close to the Trinity nuclear site, is famous as the birth place of the US space programme, of Ronald Reagan鈥檚聽聽and of countless missile tests. It is now a place where long-range rather than close-quarter combat is fine-tuned.

It is a beautiful place, home to a huge salt playa (dry lake) known as Alkali Flat and the world鈥檚 largest gypsum dune field, made famous by聽聽including Transformers and the Book of Eli. At the height of the Ice Age it was home to a large lake (palaeo Lake Otero).

As the climate warmed, the lake shrank and its bed was eroded by the wind to create the dunes and leave salt flats that periodically pooled water. The Ice Age megafauna left tracks on these flats, as did the humans that hunted them. The tracks are remarkable in that they are only a few centimetres beneath the surface and yet have been preserved for over 10,000 years.

Tracking the footprints. Matthew Bennett, 裸聊直播, Author provided; click to expand.

Here there are tracks of extinct giant ground sloth, of mastodon, mammoth, camel and dire wolf. These tracks are colloquially known as 鈥済host tracks鈥� as they are only visible at the surface during specific weather conditions, when the salt crusts are not too thick and the ground not too wet. Careful excavation is possible in the right conditions and reveals some amazing features.

Perhaps the coolest of these is a series of human tracks that we found within the sloth prints. In our paper, produced with a聽, we suggest that the humans stepped into the sloth prints as they stalked them for the kill. We have also identified large 鈥渇lailing circles鈥� that record the sloth rising up on its hind legs and swinging its fore legs, presumably in a defensive, sweeping motion to keep the hunters at bay. As it overbalanced, it put its knuckles and claws down to steady itself.

Footprint comparison. David Bustos, National Park Service; click to expand.

These circles are always accompanied by human tracks. Over a wide area, we see that where there are no human tracks, the sloth walk in straight lines. Where human track are present, the sloth trackways show sudden changes in direction suggesting the sloth was trying to evade its hunters.

Piecing together the puzzle, we can see how sloth were kept on the flat playa by a horde of people who left tracks along the its edge. The animals was then distracted by one stalking hunter, while another crept forward and tried to strike the killing blow. It is a story of life and death, written in mud.

Plaster cast footprints. David Bustos, National Park Service

What would convince our ancestors to engage is such a deadly game? Surely the bigger the prey, the greater the risk? Maybe it was because a big kill could fill many stomachs without waste, or maybe it was pure human bravado.

At this time at the end of the last Ice Age, the Americas were being colonised by humans spreading out over the prairie plains. It was also a time of animal extinctions. Many palaeontologists聽聽that human over-hunting drove this wave of extinction and for some it has become an emblem of early human impact on the environment.聽聽that climate change was the true cause and our species is innocent.

Matthew Bennett, dusting for prints. David Bustos, National Park Service

It is a giant crime scene in which footprints now play a part. Our data confirms that human hunters were attacking megafauna and were practiced at it. Unfortunately, it doesn鈥檛 cast light on the impact of that hunting. Whether humans were the ultimate or immediate cause of the extinction is still not clear. There are many variables including rapid environmental change to be considered. But what is clear from tracks at White Sands is that humans were then, as now, 鈥渁pex predators鈥� at the top of the food chain.

笔谤辞蹿别蝉蝉辞谤听, Professor of Environmental and Geographical Sciences,听;听, Research Associate,听, and , Senior Lecturer in Hominin Palaeoecology,听

This article was originally published on聽. Read the聽.

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